Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder in which red blood cells become rigid and shaped like a crescent or sickle. These abnormally shaped cells can block blood flow through blood vessels, causing pain episodes (called crises), organ damage, and other serious complications.

SCD disproportionately affects Black Americans: approximately 1 in 365 Black Americans is born with the disease. The gene variant developed as a protective response to malaria in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, explaining its higher prevalence in people of African descent.

Common misconceptions: Sickle cell disease is often confused with sickle cell trait. Having the trait (one copy of the gene) is generally not a disease. Most people with the trait have no symptoms. However, you can pass the gene to your children.

Key facts: SCD affects approximately 100,000 Americans. Hydroxyurea, crizanlizumab, and newer gene therapies have expanded treatment options significantly in recent years.