Black Health
Glossary

APOL1

Also known as: Apolipoprotein L1, APOL1 kidney risk variants

Medically reviewed — last updated

APOL1 is a gene that produces a protein protecting against African sleeping sickness. Two genetic variants (G1 and G2) are more common in people of West African ancestry because they conferred survival advantages against trypanosomiasis.

However, these same variants are associated with dramatically elevated risk of serious kidney diseases, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), HIV-associated nephropathy, and lupus nephritis. Approximately 13% of Black Americans inherit two high-risk variants, substantially elevating their lifetime kidney disease risk.

Genetic testing for APOL1 is available and may influence treatment decisions, particularly in kidney transplantation and medication selection.

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Medical Disclaimer

This glossary entry is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition.