Medication Reference
Medications A-Z
A library of drug guides focused on a single question: how is this medication different for Black patients? Every page leads with the published evidence, cites FDA labels and professional-society guidelines, and flags uncertainty where the research is mixed or absent.
Drug class
Used for
Carvedilol
Beta blocker (non-selective with alpha-1 blockade)Brand: Coreg, Coreg CR
Carvedilol has the most favorable evidence base for Black patients with heart failure among beta blockers. The COPERNICUS trial (Packer et al., …
View guideEmpagliflozin
SGLT2 inhibitorBrand: Jardiance, Synjardy, Glyxambi
Empagliflozin's outcome evidence in Black patients is robust across multiple landmark trials:EMPA-REG OUTCOME (Zinman et al., NEJM 2015;373:2117–28, PMID 26378978) — 38 …
View guideFurosemide
Loop diureticBrand: Lasix
Furosemide itself has no major race-specific efficacy signal — it works through a transporter (NKCC2) that is not genetically variable in ways …
View guideLisinopril
ACE inhibitorBrand: Prinivil, Zestril, Qbrelis
The 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline (Whelton et al., Hypertension 2018;71:e13–e115) recommends that Black adults without chronic kidney disease be started on a …
View guideMetoprolol
Beta blockerBrand: Lopressor (tartrate), Toprol XL (succinate)
Metoprolol is not first-line for uncomplicated hypertension in Black adults, for the same reasons as atenolol. But it is a first-line drug …
View guideSpironolactone
Aldosterone antagonist (potassium-sparing diuretic)Brand: Aldactone, CaroSpir
Spironolactone has a disproportionately important role in Black patients with resistant hypertension, defined as blood pressure above goal on three drugs at …
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